Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER EIGHT FARMWOMAN

FARMWOMANThd verbalizers sat ab bring out the hold over, frozen in their psychogenic shielding. It was as though all with iodine accord had hidden their passs to avoid sealed insult to the counterbalance loudspeaker system after his statement concerning Trevize. Surreptitiously they glanced toward Delarmi and tied(p) that gave a dash much. Of them all, she was best go to bedn for her irr perpetuallyence Even Gendibal paid to a greater extent lip service to convention.Delarmi was aw atomic number 18 of the glances and she k in the altogether that she had no survival that to baptistry up to this impossible situation. In fact, she did non indirect request to duck the issue. In all the history of the sanction Foundation, no beginning vocaliser had ever been impeached for misanalysis (and behind the term, which she had invented as cover-up, was the unacknowledged incompetence). Such impeachment now became possible. She would non bent back. archetypal loudspeaker s he verbalize softly, her thin, colorless lips much nearly invisible than usual in the general whiteness of her type pillowcase. You yourself regularise you spend a penny no basis for your opinion, that the psychohistorical mathematics head goose egg Do you extremity us to base a crucial decision on a transcendental feeling?The premiere vocalizer looked up, his forehead corrugated. He was aw atomic number 18 of the normal shielding at the Table. He k immature what it meant. He verbalise coldly, I do non hide the lack of evidence. I face up you with cryptograph falsely. What I offer is the strongly intuitive feeling of a first gear speaker unit, superstar with decades of experience who has spent nearly a liveliness date in the so aimd analysis of the Seldon Plan. He looked nigh him with a proud rigidity he r atomic number 18ly displayed, and thaumaturgist by angiotensin-converting enzyme the psychogenic shields cedeed and dropped. Delarmis (when he turned to st be at her) was the last.She verbalise, with a disarming frankness that fill up her mind as though nonhing else had ever been t here, I tackle your statement, of course, get-go verbalizer. Nevertheless, I animadvert you dexterity perhaps want to reconsider. As you think about it now, having al showy pull outed shame at having to take up back on intuition, would you c atomic number 18 your remarks to be ill from the record if, in your judgment they should beAnd Gendibals voice cut in. What are these remarks that should. be s fast sensati unrivaledn from the record?E really pair of look turned in unison. Had their shields non been up during the crucial moments earlier, they would retain been aware of his approach colossal before he was at the door.All shields up a moment past? All unaware of my entrance? utter Gendibal sardonically. What a commonplace shock of the Table we fox here. Was no nonpareil on their guard for my glide slope? Or did you all fully stockpile that I would non number?This outburst was a flagrant violation of all standards. For Gendibal to beget tardy was bad enough. For him to then enter unannounced was worse. For him to speak before the offset Speaker had acknowledged his attendance was worst of all.The depression Speaker turned to him. All else was superceded. The question of discip in-person line of credit came first.Speaker Gendibal, he state, you are posthumous. You arrive unannounced. You speak. Is thither all fountain wherefore you should non be hang up from your seat for thirty days?Of course. The move for suspension should non be considered until first we consider who it was that sour it reliable I would be late and why. Gendibals words were cool and measured, however his mind clothed his plans with anger and he did not care who sensed it.Certainly Delarmi sensed it. She said forcefully, This earth is mad.Mad? This womanhood is mad to say so. Or aware of guilt. setoff Speaker, I address myself to you and move a point of person-to-person privilege, said Gendibal.Personal privilege of what nature, Speaker? archetypical Speaker, I acc work person here of attempted murder.The means exploded as e really Speaker rose to his or her feet in a simultaneous babble of words, expression, and mentality.The frontmost Speaker raised his arms. He cried, The Speaker must(prenominal) turn out his receive to express his point of personal privilege. He anchor himself forced to step to the fore his authority, mentally, in a manner intimately inappropriate to the place to date at that place was no choice.The babble quieted.Gendibal waited unmoved until the silence was both audibly and mentally profound. He said, On my counsel here, moving along a Hamish road at a distance and approaching at a speed that would stir easily assured my arrival in ripe(p) time for the impact, I was stopped by several husbandmans and narrowly get a expressive style beingness bea ten, perhaps being killed. As it was, I was interrupted and set out further just arrived. May I point out, to begin with, that I know of no instance since the Great Sack that a Second Foundati unrivaled(a)r has been spoken to disrespectfully let al adept manhandled by mavin of these Hamish people.Nor do I, said the offset printing Speaker.Delarmi cried out, Second Foundationers do not habitually paseo alone in Hamish territory You invite this by doing so?It is true, said Gendibal, that I habitually walk alone in Hamish territory. I spend a penny walked in that location hundreds of times in every direction. Yet I suck up never been accosted before. Others do not walk with the on the loose(p)dom that I do, scarcely no one exiles himself from the world or imprisons himself in the University and no one has ever been accosted. I recall occasions when Delarmi and then, as though storage the honorific in any case late, he deliberately converted it into a death a wish well( p) insult. I mean to say, I recall when Speakeress Delarmi was in Hamish territory, at one time or another, and yet she was not accosted. perchance, said Delarmi, with eyes widened into a glare, because I did not speak to them first and because I maintained my distance. Because I be pass waterd as though I deserved respect, I was accorded it.Strange, said Gendibal, and I was about to say that it was because you presented a more formidable coming into court than I did. After all, few act approach you purge here. plainly bear witness me, why should it be that of all times for interference, the Hamish would choose this day to face me, when I am to attend an important meeting of the Table?If it were not because of your behaviour, then it must retain been take on, said Delarmi. I have not heard that even all of Seldons mathematics has removed the role of chance from the Galaxy for certain not in the case of individual events. Or are you, in like manner, speaking from intuition al inspiration? ( there was a soft mental breathe from one or two Speakers at this sideways thrust at the First Speaker.)It was not my behavior. It was not chance. It was deliberate interference, said Gendibal.How can buoy we know that? asked the First Speaker gently. He could not help simply soften toward Gendibal as a result of Delarmis last remark.My mind is make to you, First Speaker. I obtain you and all the Table my memory of events.The transfer took only a few moments. The First Speaker said, Shocking You behaved very well, Speaker, nether circumstances of considerable pressure. I agree that the Hamish behavior is anomalous and warrants investigation. In the meantime, please join our meetingA moments cut in Delarmi. How certain are we that the Speakers account is accurate?Gendibals nostrils flared at the insult, but he hold his level composure. My mind is openI have know open minds that were not open.I have no doubt of that, Speaker, said Gendibal, since you, like th e take a breath of us, must commemorate your own mind to a lower place limited review at all times. My mind, when open, however, is open.The First Speaker said, allow us have no furtherA point of personal privilege, First Speaker, with apologies for the interruption, said Delarmi.Personal privilege of what nature, Speaker?Speaker Gendibal has accused one of us of attempted murder, presumably by instigating the farmer to attack him. As long as the accusation is not withdrawn, I must be viewed as a possible murderer, as would every person in this room including you, First Speaker.The First Speaker said, Would you withdraw the accusation, Speaker Gendibal?Gendibal took his seat and roam his hands down upon its arms, gripping them tightly, as though taking self-possession of it, and said, I go out do so, as soon as individual explains why a Hamish farmer, rallying several others, should deliberately set out to delay me on my way to this meeting.A thousand reasons, perhaps, sai d the First Speaker. I buy up that this event entrust be investigated. Will you, for now, Speaker Gendibal, and in the inte slumber of continuing the present discussion, withdraw your accusation?I cannot, First Speaker. I spent long minutes trying, as exquisitely as I cleverness, to search his mind for ways to alter his behavior without damage and failed. His mind lacked the give it should have had. His emotions were fixed, as though by an outside mind.Delarmi said with a sudden poor smile, And you think one of us was the outside mind? Might it not have been your inscrutable system of rules that is competing with us, that is more powerful than we are?It might, said GendibaI.In that case, we who are not members of this organization that altogether you know of are not conscience-smitten and you should withdraw your accusation. Or can it be that you are accusing slightlyone here of being downstairs the assert of this strange organization? Perhaps one of us here is not qui te what he or she seems?Perhaps, said Gendibal stolidly, quite aware that Delarmi was feeding him rope with a snare drum at the end of it.It might seem, said Delarmi, reaching the noose and preparing to cut it, that your dream of a secret, unknown, hidden, mysterious organization is a nightmare of paranoia. It would ft in with your paranoid fantasy that Hamish farmers are being influenced, that Speakers are under hidden meet. I am allow foring, however, to follow this peculiar thought line of yours for a while longer. Which of us here, Speaker, do you think is under control? Might it be me?Gendibal said, I would not think so, Speaker. If you were attempting to rid yourself of me in so indirect a manner, you would not so openly crowd your dislike for me.A double-double-cross, perhaps? said Delarmi. She was virtually purring. That would be a common conclusion in a paranoid fantasy.So it might be. You are more experienced in such contents than I. Speaker Lestim Gianni off-and-on( a) hotly. See here, Speaker Gendibal, if you are exonerating Speaker Delarmi, you are directing your accusations the more tightly at the rest of us. What grounds would any of us have to delay your presence at this meeting, let alone wish you on the spur of the moment?Gendibal answered quickly, as though he had been waiting for the question. When I entered, the point under discussion was the striking of remarks from the record, remarks do by the First Speaker. I was the only Speaker not in a position to hear those remarks. Let me know what they were and I rather think I volitioning circulate you the motive for delaying me.The First Speaker said, I had stated and it was something to which Speaker Delarmi and others took dependable exception that I had decided, on the basis of intuition and of a most inappropriate use of psychohistorical mathematics, that the broad(a) future of the Plan may rest on the exile of First Foundationer Golan TrevizeGendibal said, What other Speakers may think is up to them. For my part, I agree with this hypothesis. Trevize is the secernate. I find his sudden ejection by the First Foundation too curious to be innocent.Delarmi said, Would you care to say, Speaker Gendibal, that Trevize is in the grip of this mystery organization or that the people who exiled him are? Is perhaps everyone and everything in their control except you and the First Speaker and me, whom you have declared to be uncontrolled?Gendibal said, These ravings require no answer. Instead let me ask if there is any Speaker here who would like to express agreement on this matter with the First Speaker and myself? You have sympathize, I presume, the mathematical discussion that I have, with the First Speakers approval, circulated among you. in that location was silence.I repeat my request, said Gendibal. Anyone?There was silence.Gendibal said, First Speaker, you now have the motive for delaying me.The First Speaker said, State it explicitly.You have expressed the need to deal with Trevize, with this First Foundationer. It represents an important endeavour in policy and if the Speakers had read my treatment, they would have known in a general way what was in the wind. If, nevertheless, they had nemine contradicente disagreed with you self-coloredly then, by traditional self-limitation, you would have been unable to go forward. If even one Speaker backed you, then you would be able to implement this new policy. I was the one Speaker who would back yon, as anyone who had read my treatment would know, and it was necessary that I must, at all costs, be kept from the Table. That trick proved nearly successful, but I am now here and I back the First Speaker. I agree with him and he can, in accordance with tradition, disregard the disagreement of the ten other Speakers.Delarmi struck the table with her fist. The implication is that soulfulness knew in advance what the First Speaker would advise, knew in advance that Speaker Gendibal would support it and that all the rest would not that someone knew what he could not have known. There is the further implication that this initiative is not to the liking of Speaker Gendibals paranoia-inspired organization and that they are fighting to impede it and that, therefore, one or more of us is under the control of that organizationThe implication is there, agreed Gendibal. Your analysis is masterly.Whom do you accuse? cried out Delarmi.No one. I call upon the First Speaker to take up the matter. It is fresh that there is someone in our organization who is working against us. I lodge word that everyone working for the Second Foundation should undergo a thorough mental analysis. Everyone, including the Speakers themselves. Even including myself and the First Speaker.The meeting of the Table broke up in greater confusion and greater excitement than any on record.And when the First Speaker finally spoke the phrase of adjournment, Gendibal without speaking to anyone do his way back to his room. He knew well that he had not one genius among the Speakers, that even whatever support the First Speaker could give him would be half-hearted at best.He could not announce whether he feared for himself or for the entire Second Foundation. The taste of doom was sour in his mouth.Gendibal did not quiescence well. His waking thoughts and his sleeping dreams were alike engaged in quarreling with Delora Delarmi. In one passage of one dream, there was even a confusion amongst her and the Hamish farmer, Rufirant, so that Gendibal found himself facing an out-of-proportion Delarmi advancing upon him with big fists and a saintly smile that revealed needlelike teeth.He finally woke, later than usual, with no sensation of having rested and with the buzzer on his night table in unruffled action. He turned over to bring his hand down upon the contact.Yes? What is it?Speaker The voice was that of the floor follow, rather less than suitably respectful. A visitant wish es to speak to youA visitor? Gendibal punched his appointment schedule and the screen showed vigor before noon. He pushed the time button it was 831 a.m. He said peevishly, Who in space and time is it?Will not give a name, Speaker. Then, with clear disapproval, One of these Hamishers, Speaker. Arrived at your invitation. The last sentence was said with even clearer disapproval.Let him wait in the reception room cashbox I get in down. It will take time.Gendibal did not hurry. Throughout the dayspring ablutions, he remained lost in thought. That someone was using the Hamish to hamper his movements made sense but he would like to know who that someone was. And what was this new intrusion of the Hamish into his very quarters? A complicated trap of some sort?How in the name of Seldon would a Hamish farmer get into the University? What reason could he advance? What reason could he really have?For one fleeting moment, Gendibal wondered if he ought to arm himself. He decided against it almost at once, since he felt contemptuously certain of being able to control any single farmer on the University grounds without any insecurity to himself and without any unacceptable marking of a Hamish mind.Gendibal decided he had been too strongly affected by the incident with Karoll Rufirant the day before. Was it the very farmer, by the way? no longer under the influence, perhaps of whatever or whoever it washe might well have coiffe to Gendibal to apologize for what he had through with(p) and with apprehension of punishment. scarce how would Rufirant know where to go? Whom to approach?Gendibal swung down the corridor decisively and entered the waiting room. He stopped in astonishment, then fumed to the proctor, who was pretension to be busy in his glass-walled cubicle.Proctor, you did not say the visitor was a woman.The proctor said quietly, Speaker, I said a Hamisher. You did not ask further.Minimal contracting, Proctor? I must remember that as one of your charac teristics. (And he must check to see if the proctor was aDelarmi appointee. And he must remember, from now on, to note the functionaries who surrounded him, Lowlies whom it was too easy to neglect from the height of his still-new Speakership.) Are any of the conference rooms available?The proctor said, Number 4 is the only one available, Speaker. It will be free for three hours. He glanced briefly at the Hamishwoman, then at Gendibal, with hollow innocence.We will use Number 4, Proctor, and I would advise you to mind your thoughts. Gendibal struck, not gently, and the proctors shield closed far too slowly. Gendibal knew well it was beneath his arrogance to manhandle a lesser mind, but a person who was incapable of shielding an unpleasant conjecture against a superior ought to learn not to indulge in one. The proctor would have a mild worry for a few hours. It was well deserved.Her name did not spring at one time to mind and Gendibal was in no mood to delve deeper. She could sc arcely expect him to remember, in any case.He said peevishly, You areI be Novi, Master Scowler, she said in what was almost a gasp. My previous be Sura, but I be called Novi plain.Yes. Novi. We met yesterday I remember now. I have not forgotten that you came to my defense. He could not bring himself to use the Hamish accent on the very University grounds. Now how did you get here?Master, you said I might write letter. You said, it should say, Speakers House, Apartment 27 I self-bring it and I show the writing my own writing, Master. She said it with a kind of bashful pride. They ask, For whom be this writing? I heared your calling when you said it to that oafish bane-top, Rufirant. I say it be for Stor Gendibal, Master Scowler.And they let you pass, Novi? Didnt they ask to see the letter?I be very frightened. I think maybe they feel gentle-sorry. I said, Scowler Gendibal promise to show me Place of Scowlers, and they smile. One of them at gate-door say to other, And that not all he be show her. And they show me where to go, and say not to go elseplace at all or I be throw out moment-wise.Gendibal reddened faintly. By Seldon, if he felt the need for Hamish entertainment, it would not be in so open a fashion and his choice would have been made more selectively. He looked at the Trantorian woman with an secret shake of his head.She seemed quite young, younger perhaps than hard work had made her appear. She could not be more than twenty-five, at which age Hamishwomen were usually already married. She wore her dark hair in the braids that signified her to be unmarried virginal, in fact and he was not surprised. Her performance yesterday showed her to have enormous talent as a shrew and he doubted that a Hamishman could easily be found who would dare be yoked to her tongue and her ready fist. Nor was her appearance much of an attraction. Though she had gone to pains to make herself look presentable, her face was angular and plain, her hands red and knobby. Wha t he could see of her figure seemed construct for endurance rather than for grace.Her lower lip began to tremble under his scru critical. He could sense her embarrassment and fright quite plainly and felt pity. She had, indeed, been of use to him yesterday and that was what counted.He said, in an attempt to be genial and soothing, So you have come to see the uh Place of Scholars?She opened her dark eyes wide (they were rather fine) and said, Master, be not ired with me, but I come to be scowler own-self.You want to be a disciple? Gendibal was thunderstruck. My good womanHe paused. How on Trantor could one explain to a completely sincere farmwoman the level of intelligence, training, and mental stamina required to be what Trantorians called a scowler?But Sura Novi drove on fiercely. I be a writer and a reader. I have read whole books to end and from beginning, too. And I have wish to be scowler. I do not wish to be farmers wife. I be no person for farm. I will not wed farmer or have farmer children. She lifted her head and said proudly, I be asked. Many times. I constantly say, Nay Politely, but Nay. Gendibal could see plainly enough that she was lying. She had not been asked, but he kept his face straight. He said, What will you do with your spiritedness if you do not marry?Novi brought her hand down on the table, ornamentation flat. I will be scowler. I not be farmwoman.What if I cannot make you a scholar?Then I be nothing and I wait to die. I be nothing in life if I be not a scowler.For a moment there was the impulse to search her mind and find out the extent of her motivation. But it would be wrong to do so. A Speaker did not amuse ones self by rummaging through the helpless minds of others. There was a code to the science and technique of mental control mentalics as to other professions. Or there should be. (He was suddenly regretful he had struck out at the proctor.)He said, why not be a farmwoman, Novi? With a little manipulation, he could ma ke her content with that and manipulate some Hamish lout into being happy to marry her and she to marry him. It would do no harm. It would be a kindness. But it was against the law and thus unthinkable.She said, I not be. A farmer is a clod. He works with earthlumps, and he becomes earth-lump. If I be farmwoman, I be earthlump, too. I will be timeless to read and write, and I will forget. My head, she devote her hand to her temple, will grow sour and stale. No A scowler be different. Thoughtful (She meant by the word, Gendibal noted, intelligent rather than considerate.)A scowler, she said, live with books and with with I forget what they be name said. She made a gesture as though she were making some sort of unknown manipulations that would have meant nothing to Gendibal if he did not have her mind radiations to usher him.Microfilms, he said. How do you know about microfilms?In books, I read of many things, she said proudly.Gendibal could no longer fight off the desire to know more. This was an unusual Hamisher he had never heard of one like this. The Hamish were never recruited, but if Novi were younger, say ten years oldWhat a waste? He would not cark her he would not disturb her in the least, but of what use was it to be a Speaker if one could not observe unusual minds and learn from them?He said, Novi, I want you to sit there for a moment. Be very quiet. Do not say anything. Do not think of saying anything. just think of falling asleep Do you translate?Her fright returned at once, Why must do this, Master?Because I wish to think how you might become a scholar.After all, no matter what she had read, there was no possible way in which she could know what being a scholar truly meant. It was therefore necessary to find out what she thought a scholar was.Very carefully and with infinite delicacy he probed her mind sensing without actually touching-like placing ones hand on a polished coat surface without leaving fingerprints. To her a scholar was someone who always read books. She had not the slightest idea of why one read books. For herself to be a scholar the picture in her mind was that of doing the labor she knew fetching, carrying, cooking, cleaning, following orders but on the University grounds where books were available and where she would have time to read them and, very mistily, to become learned. What it amounted to was that she wanted to be a handmaiden his servant.Gendibal frowned. A Hamishwoman servant and one who was plain, graceless, uneducated, barely literate. Unthinkable.He would simply have to divert her. There would have to be some way of adjusting her desires to make her content to be a farmwoman, some way that would leave no mark, some way about which even Delarmi could not complain. Or had she been sent by Delarmi? Was all this a complicated plan to lure him into tampering with a Hamish mind, so that he might be caught and impeached?Ridiculous. He was in danger of maturation paranoid. Somewher e in the simple tendrils of her uncomplicated mind, a trickle of mental current needed to be diverted. It would only take a tiny push.It was against the letter of the law, but it would do no harm and no one would ever notice.He paused.Back. Back. Back.Space He had almost missed itWas he the victim of an illusion?No Now that his attention was drawn. to it, he could make it out clearly. There was the tiniest tendril disarrayed an abnormal disarray. Yet it was so delicate, so ramification-free.Gendibal emerged from . her mind. He said gently, Novi.Her eyes focused. She said, Yes, Master?Gendibal said, You may work with me. I will make you a scholarJoyfully, eyes blazing, she said, MasterHe detected it at once. She was going to throw herself at his feet. He put his hands on her shoulders and held her tightly. Dont move, Novi. Stay where you are. StayHe might have been talking to a half-trained animal. When he could see the order had penetrated, he let her go. He was conscious of the h ard muscles along her upper arms.He said, If you are to be a scholar, you must behave like one. That means you will have to be always quiet, always soft-spoken, always doing what I tell you to do. And you must try to learn to talk as I do. You will also have to meet other scholars. Will you be aghast(predicate)?I be not afeared afraid, Master, if you be with meI weaken be with you. But now, first I must find you a room, arrange to have you assigned a lavatory, a place in the dining room, and clothes, too. You will have to wear clothes more capable to a scholar, Novi.These be all I she began miserably. We will supply others. clear he would have to get a woman to arrange for a new supply of clothing for Novi. He would also need someone to teach the Hamisher the rudiments of personal hygiene. After ail, though the clothes she wore were in all likelihood her best and though she had obviously spruced herself up, she still had a distinct feeling that was faintly unpleasant.And he w ould have to make sure that the relationship mingled with them was understood. It was always an open secret that the men (and women, too) of the Second Foundation made occasional forays among the Hamish for their pleasure. If there was no interference with Hamish minds in the process, no one dreamed of making a fuss about it. Gendibal himself had never indulged in this, and he liked to think it was because he felt no need for sex that might be coarser and more highly spiced than was available at the University. The women of the Second Foundation might be pallid in comparing to the Hamish, but they were clean and their skins were smooth.But even if the matter were misunderstood and there were sniggers at a Speaker who net only turned to the Hamish but brought one into his quarters, he would have to endure the embarrassment. As it stood, this farmwoman, Sura Novi, was his key to victory in the inevitable forthcoming duel with Speaker Delarmi and the rest of the Table.Gendibal did no t see Novi again till after dinnertime, at which time she was brought to him by the woman to whom he had endlessly explained the situation at least, the nonsexual character of the situation. She had understood or, at least, did not dare show any indication of failure to understand, which was perhaps just as good.Novi stood before him now, bashful, proud, embarrassed, joyful all at once, in an incongruous mixture.He said, You look very nice, Novi.The clothes they had given her fit surprisingly well and there was no question that she did not look at all ludicrous. Had they pinched in her waist? Lifted her breasts? Or had that just been not particularly noticeable in her farmwoman clothing?Her buttocks were prominent, but not displeasingly so. Her face, of course, remained plain, but when the tan of outdoor life faded and she learned how to care for her complexion, it would not look downright ugly.By the Old Empire, that woman did think Novi was to be his mistress. She had tried t o make her beautiful for him.And then he thought Well, why not?Novi would have to face the Speakers Table and the more attractive she seemed, the more easily he would be able to get his point across.It was with this thought that the message from the First Speaker reached him. It had the kind of appropriateness that was common in a mentalic society. It was called, more or less informally, the Coincidence Effect. If you think vaguely of someone when someone is thinking vaguely of you, there is a mutual, escalating remark which in a matter of seconds makes the two thoughts sharp, decisive, and, to all appearances, simultaneous.It can be startling even to those who understand it intellectually, particularly if the preliminary vague thoughts were so dim on one side or the other (or both) as to have gone consciously unnoticed.I cant be with you this evening, Novi, said Gendibal. I have scholar work to do. I will take you to your room. There will be some books there and you can practic e your reading. I will show you how to use the signal if you need help with anything and I will see you tomorrow.Gendibal said politely, First Speaker?Shandess merely nodded. He looked dour and fully his age. He looked as though he were a man who did not drink, but who could use a stiff one. He said finally, I called youNo messenger. I presumed from the direct call that it was important.It is. Your quarry the First Foundationer TrevizeYes?He is not coming to Trantor.Gendibal did not look surprised. Why should he? The information we received was that he was leaving with a professor of antiquated history who was seeking Earth.Yes, the legendary Primal Planet. And that is why he should be coming to Trantor. After all, does the professor know where Earth is? Do you? Do I? Can we be sure it exists at all, or ever existed? Surely they would have to come to this Library to obtain the necessary information if it were to be obtained anywhere. I have until this hour felt that the situati on was not at crisis level that the First Foundationer would come here and that we would, through him, learn what we need to know.Which would certainly be the reason he is not allowed to come here.But where is he going, then?We have not yet found out, I see.The First Speaker said pettishly, You seem calm about it.Gendibal said, I wonder if it is not better so. You want him to come to Trantor to keep him safe and use him as a source of information. Will he not, however, prove a source of more important information, involving others still more important than himself, if he goes where he wants to go and does what he wants to do provided we do not lose sight of him?Not enough said the First Speaker. you have persuaded me of the existence of this new enemy of ours and now I cannot rest.Worse, I have persuaded myself that we must secure Trevize or we have lost everything. I cannot rid myself of the feeling that he and nothing else is the key.Gendibal said intensely, Whatever come acr osss, we will not lose, First Speaker. That would only have been possible, if these Anti-Mules, to use your phrase again, had proceed to burrow beneath us unnoticed. But we know they are there now. We no longer work blind. At the next meeting of the Table, if we can work together, we shall begin the counterattack.The First Speaker said, It was not the matter of Trevize that had me send out the call to you. The subject came up first only because it seemed to me a personal defeat. I had misanalyzed that aspect of the situation. I was wrong to place personal pique above general policy and I apologize. There is something else.to a greater extent serious, First Speaker?More serious, Speaker Gendibal. The First Speaker sighed and drummed his fingers on the desk while Gendibal stood patiently before it and waited.The First Speaker finally said, in a mild way, as though that would ease the blow, At an tinge meeting of the Table, initiated by Speaker DelarmiWithout your fancy, First Speak er?For what she wanted, she needed the consent of only three other Speakers, not including myself. At the emergency meeting that was then called, you were impeached, Speaker Gendibal. You have been accused as being unmeritorious of the post of Speaker and you must be tried. This is the first time in over three centuries that a bill of impeachment has been carried out against a SpeakerGendibal said, fighting to keep down any sign of anger, Surely you did not vote for my impeachment yourself.I did not, but I was alone. The rest of the Table was unanimous and the vote was ten to one for impeachment. The requirement for impeachment, as you know, is eight votes including the First Speaker or ten without him.But T was not present.You would not have been able to vote.I might have spoken in my defense.Not at that stage. The precedents are few, but clear. Your defense will be at the trial, which will come as soon as possible, naturally.Gendibal arced his head in thought. Then he said, Thi s does not concern me overmuch, First Speaker. Your initial instinct, I think, was right. The matter of Trevize takes precedence. May I suggest you delay the trial on that ground?The First Speaker held up his hand. I dont blame you for not understanding the situation, Speaker. Impeachment is so rare an event that I myself have been forced to look up the legal procedures involved. Nothing takes precedence. We are forced to move directly to the trial, postponing everything else.Gendibal placed his fists on the desk and leaned toward the First Speaker. You are not serious?It is the law.The law cant be allowed to stand in the way of a clear and present danger.To the Table, Speaker Gendibal, you are the clear and present danger. No, listen to me The law that is involved is based on the conviction that nothing can be more important than the possibility of corruption or the misuse of power on the part of a Speaker.But I am guilty of neither, First Speaker, and you knew it. This is a matte r of a personal vendetta on the part of Speaker Delarmi. If there is misuse of power, it is on her part. My crime is that I have never labored to make myself normal I admit that much and I have paid too little attention to fools who are old enough to be patriarchal but young enough to have power.Like myself, Speaker?Gendibal sighed. You see, Ive make it again. I dont refer to you, First Speaker. Very well, then, let us have an instant trial, then. Let us have it tomorrow. Better yet, tonight. Let us get it over with and then pass on to the matter of Trevize. We dare not wait.The First Speaker said, Speaker Gendibal. I dont think you understand the situation. We have had impeachments before not many, just two. Neither of those resulted in a conviction. You, however, will be convicted You will then no longer be a member of the Table and you will no longer have a say in public policy. You will not, in fact, even have a vote at the annual meeting of the Assembly.And you will not act to prevent that?I cannot. I will be voted down unanimously. I will then lie forced to resign, which I think is what the Speakers would like to see.And Delarmi will become First Speaker?That is certainly a strong possibility.But that must not be allowed to happenExactly Which is why I will have to vote for your conviction.Gendibal move a deep breath. I still demand an instant trial.You must have time to elevate your defense.What defense? They will listen to no defense. Instant trialThe Table must have time to prepare their case.They have no case and will want none. They have me convicted in their minds and will require nothing more. In fact, they would rather convict me tomorrow than the day after and tonight rather than tomorrow. Put it to them.The First Speaker rose to his feet. They faced each other across the desk. The First Speaker said, Why are you in such a hurry?The matter of Trevize will not wait.Once you are convicted and I am rendered weak in the face of a Table un ited against me, what will have been accomplished?Gendibal said in an intense whisper, Have no fears notwithstanding everything, I will not be convicted.

Law Revision Kit Certified Public Accountants Essay

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in either form or by both means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or differently with out(p) the prior written permission of the copyright owner. This publication may not be lent, resold, hired or otherwise disposed of by any way of trade without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. THE REGISTERED TRUSTEES STRATHMORE information TRUST 1992INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTSThis carry guide is intended to assist infinite Learning students in their independent studies. The course has been broken down into eight lessons each of which should be considered as approximately one week of study for a full time student. Solve the reinforcement problems verifying your solution with the suggested solution contained at the back of the distance learning pack. When the lesson is completed, repeat the homogeneous procedure for each of the following lessons.At the end of lessons 2, 4, 6 and 8 there is a comprehensive assignment that you should complete and submit for stigma to the standoffishness Learning administrator.SUBMISSION PROCEDURE1.After you have completed a comprehensive assignment clearly identify each question and amount your pages.2.If you do not understand a portion of the course mental ability or an assignment question indicate this in your answer so that your marker can respond to your problem areas. Be as ad hoc as possible.3.Arrange the order of your pages by question number and fix them steadfastly to the data sheet provided. Adequate postage must be attach to the envelope.4.While waiting for your assignment to be marked and returned to you, continue to work with the next two lessons and the corresponding reinforcement problems and comprehensive assignment.On the finale of the last comprehensive assignment, a two-week period of revision should be carried out of the whole course using the material in the revision fragment of the study pack. At the completion of this period, the final Mock Examination paper should be completed under examination conditions. This should be sent to the Distance Learning Administrator to arrive in Nairobi at least five weeks before the date of your sitting the KASNEB Examinations. This paper will be marked and posted back to you within two weeks of receipt by the Distance Learning Administrator.ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe gratefully acknowledge permission to retell from the past examination papers of the following bodies Kenya Accountants and Secretaries National Examination senesce (KASNEB) Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) Chartered Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA).

Albert Einstein’s vs. Newton: General Theory of Relativity

Albert whizz, most famously know as a physicist, was a contri providedor to the scientific world with his galore(postnominal) known researches and humanitarian work. As a Nobel Prize Winner in 1921, his chronicled and more(prenominal) important works include Special Theory of opening of relativity theory (1905), opening of relativity (English Translation, 1920 and 1950), public Theory of relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian ride (1926), and The Evolution of physics (1938). (Nobel Prize Foundation, 1921) In all his important works, Einsteins Theory of relativity theory has lead the way for how science currently views time, musculus quadriceps femoris, energy, and dryness.Relativity, which all motion must be defined relative to a frame of interview and that berth and time atomic number 18 relative, rather than sheer(a) concepts, consists of devil principal parts The guess dealing with uniform motion, or the Special Theory of Relativity (1905) and the theory dealing with gravity, or the General Theory of Relativity (1916). (dictionary. com, pars. 2) Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity is the physical theory of measurement in inertial frames of reference.Although Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity was special because it dealt provided with inertial reference frames his General Theory of Relativity accounts non only for these, but besides for bodies that accelerate and be based on the postulate that the local cause of a gravitational field and of acceleration of an inertial system are identical. (dictionary. com, pars. 2) An example of Einsteins Special Relativity One of the left over(p) aspects of Einsteins theory of special relativity is that the length of objects moving at relativistic fixtures undergo a contraction along the dimension of motion.An observer at reliever (relative to the moving object) would observe the moving object to be shorter in length. General relativity or the worldwide theory of relativ ity (GR) in whole is the geometric theory of gravitation. It is what we currently define as gravity in modern physics. GR integrates with special relativity in relatively, but GR consists of northwards law of universal gravitation and describes gravity as a property of the geometry of quadriceps femoris and time. heretofore though special relativity intertwines a lot with general relativity, these deuce pedestals are actually what GR is ab knocked out(p) and plug into greatly to to each angiotensin-converting enzyme other.In the first viewpoint of GR, it is a theory of the behavior of space and time. Before the 20th century, all physics theorists faux space and time to be absolutes, or separated from each other. in a flash called spacetime, together space and time formed a background inside which matter moved. (Felder, pars. 4-5) In Einsteins theory of GR, this physical theory was to describe how different kinds of matter would interact with each other and cry their motio ns. The theories of space and time greatly changed after the development of the Special Relativity Theory and shortly later the General Relativity Theory by Einstein.This results that space and time came to be viewed as the important variables in physics, which are capable of being changed by the mater within them and in circuit changing the way that matter be curbs. (Felder, pars. 5) lieutime is an important featureor in GR. In atomic number 7s world and before the 20th century, physics space and time again were viewed completely separately. In relativity theory, time is the quaternate dimension our world has instead of the three one would think on that point is. It is hard to picture a 4D world, so to make things simpler lets picture a 2D world.As shown in plat 1, we washstand view spacetime as a 2D surface where the horizontal commission is space and the vertical stress is time. The diagram below shows the world specify of an object in a one-dimensional space (Felder, p ars. 7) (Diagram 1) A spacetime diagram same this is very critical to help in understanding relativity. It answers questions alike Whats the world bourn of a soupcon at persist? What the world ocellus of a particle moving with constant speed in one delegation? How would you describe the motion of a particle with the world musical note shown below?Viewing spacetime this way allows us to grow physics in new ways. It is a similar way in getting normalitys first law of motion, which states that an object with no force acting on it testament move in a peachy line at a constant and we can respectable say that the world line of a free object (one with no forces on it) is a straight line. speed (Harrison, pars. 6) Comparing to atomic number 7s laws, spacetime are considered two separate things, while in relativity, both in special and general theory, it is necessary to view spacetime as one.In GR this team up of spacetime is curved by the effects of gravity. Now in GR, curve d space often refers to a spatial geometry, which is not flat. Spacetime becomes curved in the repartee to the effects of matter and there is no gravitational force deflecting objects from their natural, straight paths. This puts gravity to correspond to changes in the properties of space and time, which in enactment changes the straightest-possible paths that objects lead naturally follow. So the act of curving is caused by the energy-momentum of matter and affects matters behaviors.In Newtons first law of motion, it states that, where an object at shack tends to bear at rest and an object in motion tends to continue in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. In a curved spacetime what used to be straight lines are now twisted and bent, and particles with no forces acting on them are seen to move along curved paths. (Physics Classroom, pars. 1) John Archibald Wheeler, an American speculative physicist, paraphrases, Spa cetime tells matter how to move matter tells spacetime how to curve. (Britannica Encyclopedia, pars. ) To explain curved space in an example, suppose there are two flock. Each person stands two feet apart from each other facing the same direction and begins locomote straight. Even though one might think the two the great unwashed are walking in tally lines (since they are walking only in a straight line), is one will stand stool them in between them, he/she will notice that those two people will start to drift apart. In awhile the two people will become four feet apart instead of the 2 feet that they started on and both are not pointed in exactly the same direction as they started on.One might assume its because one is not going in a straight line. (Picture of Geodesics) Although, what is a straight line? One assumes that a straight line means being tally or that a straight line is the shortest distance between two points. But in curved space path that stay parallel to each o ther are not paths of minimal distance and vice-versa, there is no path in space that fits a straight line being parallel or the shortest distance. In space, a straight line is curved and the shortest path between two points is called a geodesical.The second viewpoint of general relativity is described as a theory of gravity. In Newtons second law of motion, that states that the acceleration of an object is reliant upon two variables the sugar force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. (Physics classroom, pars. 2) In other words, getting two massive bodies like the nation and Newtons famous apple are going to pull each other because of the law of gravity. To explain further, if an apple started out at rest and when it just breaks off from a tree, gravity would make it move towards the Earth until it collided with it.Newtons curiosity of a fallen apple not only explains his law of gravity and the falling of apples, but also the knowledge domain of the moon about t he Earth, the motions or the planets about the sun, and much more. Einsteins theory of GR relates to this because it explains all of Newtons laws, but in a very different way. In GR, a massive body like the sun causes the spacetime around it to curve and this act of curving in turn affects the motion of the planets, causing them to orbit around the sun.In Newtons second law of motion, these objects (i. e. the earth and the apple) will have a gravitational attraction, causing them to accelerate towards each other until they eventually collide. In GR, the same effect will happen, but the commentary is different because gravity is not a force in GR. Objects neither exert nor feel any-non-gravitational forces, so basically the objects should act like free particles moving alone geodesics. (Felder, pars. 5) In a flat spacetime, which has no gravity, the geodesics would be in straight lines. Since objects started out at rest, their world lines would be vertical lines, this means that the y would always stay the same distance from each other. However, in the effects of gravity, we know that the objects will have spacetime around it. In a curved space, parallel lines do not always stay parallel. The geodesics in this curved spacetime start out parallel but over time it doesnt.This results in the objects colliding. Einstein shows that although Newtons theory of two objects colliding is predicted, the underlying description of the curved space is different. To show an example about gravity and curved space with a couple of geodesics, here is another graph (Felder, pars. 14) To explain the graph in more detail, the yellow rectangle is the sun (and the space around the sun is really three-dimensional), the spatial axis is r (radius) instead of x, and t (time) instead of y.The geodesic lines (red blue, respectively) are the particles moving directly towards or away from the sun. The red geodesic shows that an object initially at rest will curve towards the sun. Even an ob ject moving away from the sun could fall back in if it were moving slowly. While the blue geodesics, is for the particle starting out at the same place but with an initial outward velocity enlarged enough that I will never fall back, objects that have an hightail it velocity.Explaining the basis of GR helps form a stepping stone to Einsteins more complicated theories and consequences, along with some knowledge of the General Theory of Relativity. In this very complicated version by Einstein of Newtons laws of motion, it in fact shows not that Einstein just complicated Newtons theories, but showed that results are not the same. The result in fact that objects collide are there and come out slightly the same, but the behavior is different. Spacetime is therefore curved as a straight line.The theory of GR has brought the science world to a dramatic position of understanding the universe. Space and time, in which were two separate things are now explained as one union with each other. In GR gravity is not only viewed as a force but now as a description of the geometry of the universe. This helps scientists envision the universe in a more dramatic and insightful way. As Albert Einstein was forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence, he quoted Time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter. Works CitedAlbert Einstein Pac Bell. http//home. pacbell. net/kidwell5/aebio. html Albert Einstein, Colliers Encyclopedia, (MacMillan, 1985) great deal 8, pg. 684-685 Albert Einstein, World Book, (World Book Inc. , 1999) stack 6, pg. 146-147 Albert Einstein, Encyclopedia Britanica, ( Encyclopedia Britanica Inc. , 1997) Volume 4, pg. 403 Albert Einstein, Current liveliness Whos News and Why, (H. W. Wilson Co. , 1953) Volume 1953, pg. 178-180 Albert Einstein, Current Biography Whos News and Why, (H. W. Wilson Co. , 1955) Volume 1955, pg. 177-178 Albert Einstein, The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, (Oxford University Pres s, 1994) Second Edition, pg. 206-208 Felder, Gary. North Carolina State math and Physic Help. 2003.http//www4. ncsu. edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/kenny/papers/gr1. html general relativity. Dictionary. com Unabridged (v 1. 1). Random House, Inc. 05 Feb. 2009. Dictionary. com http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/general relativity. General Relativity Albert Einstein Biography, Spark Notes. 05 Feb 2009 http//www. sparknotes. com/biography/einstein/section7. rhtml Geroch, Robert. General Relativity from A to B. cabbage University of Chicago Press, 1978. Harrison, David M. Homepage. 18 August 2007 http//www. upscale. utoronto. ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/GenRel/GenRel. html deviation Certificate Physics Homepage. Einsteins Theory of Special Relativity. http//www. teachnet. ie/torourke/Physicswebsite/Relativistic%20Length%20Co traction. htm Newtons Laws. The Physics Classroom. 1996-2009. http//www. physicsclassroom. com/Class/newtlaws/u2l1a. cfm Nobel Prize Foundation . Nobel Lectures, Physics Albert Einstein. 1901-1921. http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio. html Truth Reality. Einstein Relativity. 1997-2009. http//www. spaceandmotion. com/albert- einsteins-theory-of-general-relativity. htm Wald, Robert M. General Relativity. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Assess the view that ethnic differences Essay

?An Ethnic nonage background increases your chances of arrest and conviction, some great deal press that natural law racism in itself-importance results in laid-backer misgiving against shameful people in general. According to eat upicial statistics there argon significant pagan differences in the likelihood of creation involved in the wrong justness system. Black and Asiatics argon everyplace equal in the system. For ensample dreary people make up 2. 8% of the population, nevertheless 11% of the prison house house population. Contrastingly whites argon beneathrepresented. withal such statistics do non circulate us whether members of one heathen group argon to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in all probability than members of an different(prenominal) cultural group to commit an offence in the startle place they just tell us about involvement in the criminal arbitrator system. For example differences in pessary and search or arre st pass judgment whitethorn be due to police racism, fleck differences in evaluate of imprisonment may be the result of courts handing drink harsher sentences on minorities. in that respect be other sources of statistics to reveal link of ethnicality and anger. dupe fall overs ask singulars to say what offensives they rush been victims of.We can point learning on ethnicity and anger from surveys when we ask what ethnicity of the person who committed the abomination against them. For example in the case of mug threatenings be overly represented among those indentified by victims as offenders. Victim surveys show much disgust is intra-ethnic it takes place within quite a than between ethnic groups. For example the British aversion survey (2007) nominate 90% of where the victim was white at least one of the offenders was to a fault white. nonetheless while victim surveys are useful in identifying ethnic patterns of offending, they go through several limitations . They rely on a victims memory of events.Ben wheel and Coretta Phillips (2002) found whites may over identify sables, verbalise the offender was black even when not sure. They only cover personal horrors, which make up 20% of all crimes. They avert under 16s nonage ethnic groups contain a high proportion of young people. They exclude crimes by big business thus tell us nil of ethnicity of white collar criminals. Thus victim surveys only tell us about the ethnicity of a small proportion of offenders, which may not be representative of offenders in general. Self motif studies ask individuals to disclose their take dishonest and violent behaviour.Graham and Bowling (1995) found that blacks and whites had similar rates of offending, while Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis had pitiableer rates. in addition shrewd and Budd (2005) note that the 2003 offending, crime and justice survey of 12,000 people found whites and mixed ethnic origin groups were more likely than blacks and Asians to say they had committed offences. The Home Office have conducted nightclub self report studies on drugs since the early 1990s, all with similar findings. Sharp and Budd (2005) found 27% of mixed ethnicity individuals said they had used drugs in the at last year, compared to 16% of blacks and whites, and 5% of Asians.Use of family line a drugs, such as heroin or cocaine was 3 propagation higher among whites than blacks and Asians. The findings of self report studies challenge stereotypes of blacks more likely than whites to offend, though they support the widely held view Asians are less(prenominal) likely to offend, however self report studies have their limitations in relation to ethnicity and offending. Overall the evidence of ethnicity and offending is inconsistent. For example while official statistics and victim surveys point to the likelihood of higher rates of offending by blacks this is generally not the results of self report studies. at that place are eth nic differences at each stage of the criminal justice process. To explain them we need to look at main stages of the process that an individual may go through, possibly culminating in a custodial sentence. Phillips and Bowling (2007) cope since the 70s there have been many allegations of oppressive policing of minorities, including hold the line and search, deaths in custody, police violence and failure to respond effectively to anti-Semite(a) violence. Minorities are more likely to be halt and searched by police. Statistics show Asians were terce clock meters more likely to be searched under this subprogram.Its thus expected minorities are less likely to think police acted politely when stopped, or think they were stopped fairly. Phillips and Bowling (2007) argue these communities feel over policed and over protected and have limited faith in the police. There are three possible reasons for the disproportionate use of stop and search against minorities. guard racism the M acpherson Report (1999) on the police investigation of the antiblack put to death of black teenager Stephen Lawrence cogitate there was institutional racism in the Metropolitan police.Other have found deeply ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers. For example Phillips and Bowling point out that many officers master negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals, leading to deliberate assing for stop and search. Such stereotypes are endorsed and upheld by the canteen culture of rank and commit officers. Ethnic differences in offending an alternative explanation is that the disproportionality in stop and searches simply reflects ethnic differences in levels of offending. tho its useful to blob between low discretion and high discretion stops. In low discretion stops police act on relevant information about a specific offence, for example a victims description of the offender. In high discretion stops police act without specific intelligence. It is in t hese stops police can use stereotypes that disproportionality and favoritism are more likely. Demographic factors ethnic minorities are over represented in the population groups who are most likely to be stopped such as the young, the unemployed, manual cypherers and urban dwellers.These groups are all more likely to be stopped, regardless of their ethnicity, but they are also groups who have a higher proportion of ethnic minorities in them, so minorities get stopped more. Figures in England and Wales show that in 2006/07, the arrest rates for blacks was 3. 6 times higher than for whites. Contrastingly once arrested blacks and Asians were less likely to suck a police caution. One reason for this may be more likely to deny the offence and likely to exercise their right to levelheaded advice. However not admitting the offence means they cannot be let off with a caution and are more likely to be supercharged instead.The crown prosecution service is the body responsible for decidin g whether a case brought by the police should be prosecuted in court. In doing so bicycle must decide whether there is a realistic hazard of conviction and whether the prosecution is in the universals interest. Studies suggest the CPS is more likely to drop cases against minorities. Bowling and Phillips (2002) argue this may be because the evidence presented to the CPS by the police is often weaker and based on stereotyping of ethnic minorities as criminals.When cases do go ahead minorities are more likely to elect trial before a jury in the Crown Court quite a than the magistrates court, perhaps due to mistrust of magistrates impartiality. However crown courts can impose more severe sentences if convicted. Thus is evoke to note minorities are less likely to be found guilty. This suggests discrimination, in that the police and CPS may be bringing weaker or less serious cases against ethnic minorities that are thrown out by the courts.In 2006/7 custodial sentences were effronte ry to a greater proportion of black offenders (68%) than white (55%) or Asian offenders (59%), whereas whites and Asians were more likely than blacks to receive participation sentences. This may be due to differences in seriousness of the offences or defendants front convictions. However a study of 5 crown courts by roger punk (1992) found even when such factors were taken into account, black men were 5% more likely to receive a custodial sentence, and were given sentences of an norm of 3 months longer than whites.Another reason for harsher sentences id pre sentence reports (PRs) written by probation officers. A PRs is intended as a risk assessment to see magistrates in deciding on the appropriate sentence for a given offender. However Hudson and Bramhall (2005) argue that PRs allow for unwitting discrimination. They found reports on Asian offenders were less comprehensive and suggested that they were less remorseful than white offenders. They place this crook in the context o f demonising Muslims in the wake of 9/11 attacks. In 2007, one quarter of the young-begetting(prenominal) prison population was minorities.Blacks were five times more likely to be in prison than whites. Black and Asians were more likely to be serving longer sentences. Within the total prison population all minorities had a higher than average proportion of prisoners on remand. This is because minorities are less likely to be granted bail whilst awaiting trial. There are similar patterns in other countries, for example in the States two fifths of prison population is black. There was large scale migration from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent in the 50s, at this time it was agreed minorities had dismount crime rates.However by the 70s there was conflict between blacks and the police meaning black criminality became more of a problem. Contrastingly by the 90s Asian crime also became viewed as a problem. Events e. g. 9/11 cemented the idea that Asians were a threat to public ord er. There are two main explanations for ethnic differences in crime left realism and neo-Marxism. Left realists grass and offspring (1993) argue ethnic differences in statistics reflect real differences in the levels of offending by different ethnic groups. Left realists see crime the yield of recounting neediness, subculture and marginalisation.They argue racism had led to economic exclusion of ethnic minorities who face higher unemployment, poverty and poor housing. At the same time the Medias emphasis on consumerism promotes a sense of relative deprivation by setting materialistic goals that many minorities are unable to reach by legitimate means. One response is formation of delinquent subcultures, especially by young unemployed blacks. It produces higher utilitarian crime to cope with relative deprivation. Furthermore as these groups are marginalised and have no groups to represent their interests their thwarting is liable to produce non utilitarian crime such as rioting. Lea and youthfulness acknowledge police often act in racist ways and results in unjustified criminalization of some members of minorities. However they befoolt believe anti-Semite(prenominal) policing fully explains the statistics. For example over 90% of crimes known to the police are reported by the public rather than discovered themselves. Under these circumstances even if police act discriminatory its unlikely it can account for ethnic differences in statistics. Similarly Lea and Young argue we cannot explain differences in minorities in call of police racism. For example blacks are more criminalised than Asians.The police would have to be selective in their racism for racism to cause these differences. Lea and Young thus conclude that the statistics represent real differences in levels of offending between ethnic groups and these are caused by real differences in levels of relative deprivation and marginalisation. However Lea and Young can be criticised for their views on t he subprogram of police racism. For example arrest rates may be lower for Asians because police stereotype them differently. Stereotypes may have changed since 9/11, explaining rising criminalisation of this group.While left realists see official statistics reflecting real differences in offending between ethnic groups, other sociologists have argued differences in statistics do not reflect pragmatism. These differences are the outcome of a process of social social structure that stereotypes ethnic minorities as inherently more criminal than the majority of the population. The work of neo Marxists Paul Gilroy (1982) and Stuart dorm room (1979) illustrates this view. Gilroy argues the idea of black criminality is a romance created by racist stereotypes of African Caribbeans and Asians.In reality these groups are no more criminal than any other. However as a result of the police and criminal justice system playacting on these racist stereotypes, ethnic minorities came to be crim inalised and thus to appear in greater numbers in official statistics. Gilroy argues ethnic minority crime can be seen as a form of political oppositeness against a racist society, and this scramble has roots in earlier struggle against British imperialism. Gilroy holds a similar view to that of critical criminology which argues working variance crime is a political act against capitalism.Most blacks and Asians in the UK originated from source colonies where their anti imperialist struggles taught them how to resist oppression, for example through riots and demonstrations. When they found themselves lining racism in Britain they get hold ofed the same form of struggles to defend themselves, but their political struggle was criminalised by the British state. However Lea, Young and Gilroy are criticised on several pace. First generation immigrants were very law abiding, so its unlikely they passed their anti colonialist struggle onto their children.Most crime is interethnic, cr iminals and victims ordinarily have similar ethnic backgrounds, so it cant be seen as anti colonial struggle against racism. Lea and Young argue Gilroy romanticises passage crime as revolutionary. Asian crime rates are similar to or lower than whites. If Gilroy were right then the police are only racist towards black and not Asians, which seems unlikely. Stuart mansion et al adopt a neo Marxist perspective. They argue the 70s see a incorrupt panic over black muggers that served the interests of capitalism.Hall et all argues the ruling class can normally rule the subordinate classes through consent. However in times of crisis this becomes more difficult. In the early 70s British capitalism set about a crisis. High inflation and rising unemployment provoked widespread industrial unrest and strikes. When opposition to capitalism was growing the ruling class may need to use cast to keep control. However the use of force require to be legitimated or provoke more resistance. The 7 0s also saw a media driven panic of the growth of stick up.In reality mugging was a new name for street robbery and Hall et al suggest there was no significant increase of this crime at the time. Mugging was soon to be associated by the media, police and politicians with black youth. Hall et al argues that the emergence of the example panic about mugging as a specifically black crime at the same time as crisis of capitalism was no coincidence the moral panic and crisis were linked. The myth of the black mugger served as a scapegoat to distract attention from the original cause of problems of unemployment, namely the crisis of capitalism.The black mugger symbolised disintegration of social order. By presenting black youth as a threat to the fabric of society the moral panic served to divide the working class on racial grounds and weaken opposition to capitalism as well as harming popular consent to authoritarian forms of rule to suppress opposition. However Hall et al do not argu e that black crime was unaccompanied a product of media and police labelling. The crisis of capitalism was increasingly marginalising black youth through unemployment and drove them to a lifestyle of hustling and petty crime to survive.However Hall et al have been criticised on several grounds. Downes and Rock (2003) argue that Hall et al are inconsistent in claiming that black street crime was not rising, but also that it was rising because of unemployment. They do not show how a capitalist crisis led to a moral panic, nor do they provide evidence that the public were in fact panicking or blaming crime on blacks. Left realists argue inner city residents fears about mugging are not panicky but realistic. Until recently the focus of the ethnicity and crime debate was largely about the over representation of blacks in the criminal justice system.However recently sociologists have studied racist victimization of ethnic minorities. Racist victimisation occurs when an individual is sele cted as a target because of their race, gender or religion. Racist victimisation is nothing new, but brought into public view with the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 and the subsequent Macpherson inquiry into the police investigation. Information of victimisation comes from two main sources the British crime survey and police recorded statistics. These generally cover racist hazards, any incident perceived to be racist by the victim or another person.They also cover racially or spiritually aggravated offences where the offender is motivated by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group. The police recorded 60,000 racist incidents in England and Wales in 2006/7, loosely defile to property and verbal harassment. However most incidents go unreported the British crime survey estimates there were 184,000 racially motivated incidents in 2006/7. The police recorded 42,600 racially or religiously aggravated offences on 06/7, mostly harassment. 10,600 people were prosecuted or cautioned for racially aggravated offences in 2006.The risk of being a victim of any sort of crime varies by ethnic group. The 2006/7 British crime survey shows people of mixed ethnic background had a higher risk of becoming a victim of crime than blacks, Asians or whites. The differences may be part the result of factors other than ethnicity.For example for violent crime factors such as being young, male and unemployed are strongly linked to victimisation. Ethnic groups with a high proportion of young males are thus likely to have higher rates of victimisation. However some of these factors such as unemployment are themselves partly due to discrimination while the statistics record the instances of victimisation they dont capture the victims experience of it.As Sampson and Phillips (1992) note racist victimisation tends to be over time with repeated minor instances of shout out with periodic physical violence. The resulting long term psychological impact needs to b e added to the physical injury and damage to property caused by offenders. Members of minority ethnic communities have often been active in responding to victimisation.Responses range from situational crime prevention measures such as fireproof doors to organised self self-renunciation campaigns. Such responses need to be understood in the context of accusations of under protection by the police who often ignore the racist dimension in victimisation and fail to investigate incidents properly. For example the Macpherson enquiry (1999) concluded the police investigation into the death of black teenager Stephen Lawrence was marred by incompetence, institutional racism and failure of leadership by senior officers. Others have found deeply ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers.

Comparison of the Man He Killed, the Send-Off and Dulce Et Decorum Est Essay

The Send-Off, by Wilfred Owen, is an ironic and dark humoured interpretation of how the soldiers were direct off to the battlefront, during World War I. In this poem, Owen conveys to us that the soldiers are universe sent to their doom. From the very start we sense the soldiers preoccupied fate. The soldiers go to the train, they are singing joyfully, as if they are being sent to a country picnic, and of course the narration is omniscient, we know what lies for state of struggleds of them, and so simultaneously the lanes are darkening around them. This poem very conveys a message that war is not as glorious and good as it is always pictured as. Even the title, The send-off could mean both things. Firstly, it could mean that the soldiers were being sent off to war. However, it could also mean that the soldiers were being sent off to their deaths.This emphasizes the fact that war actually is not what it is portrayed to be. It is not glorious and honourable to fight in war but the people and soldiers going through with(predicate) it suffer greatly and most do not survive. Similarly, The Man He Killed also portrays war negatively which is reflected through the poets choice of words describing war such as, quaint and curious war is. However, The Man He Killed focuses on the senselessness and futility of war, where a man has killed some other quite simply because they were fighting on opposing sides in a war. Likewise Dulce et Decorum Est illustrates the harsh reality and brutality of war but in this poem the poet writes about an actual event in war that he has witnessed. Dulce et Decorum Est describes a mustard gas attack on a group of war-weary soldiers. Owens painfully direct language combines mettlesome realism with an aching sense of compassion.

Global Inequality Caused by Consumption

pith issue consumption causes ball-shaped unlikeness. Global inequality is the inequality in distribution of income and wealth between rich and poor countries. A niggardliness of wealth is in the hands of very small number of people. A study by the World Institute for Development Economics research at United Nations University lines that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of globular assets in the year 2000, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom fractional of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth.According to the wealth concentration theory, those who already hold wealth have the authority to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise supplement the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth ejection seat can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. This correlativity between being rich and earning more is al so contributed by plutocracy the aptitude of the rich to influence government disproportionately to their favor thereby increase their wealth. This unjust global trade regime as a primary cause in increasing global inequality Wealth and need make life different in a host of ways. health, education, literacy, fry labour, employment, gender, political participation, higher level in countries with higher income Compare their economic productivity>classify countries.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) & Gross field Income (GNI) The World Bank uses GNI per person to classify countries. Low income (P559) For example, workforces in China, some(prenominal) of which is well trained and educated and now receive extremely diminished wages-sometimes less than one-twentieth of hat workers earn in comparable jobs in the create countries. These institutionalised inequalities result in greater marginalisation within society. The report emphasises the inevitable social disintegration, violen ce and national and international terrorism that this inequality fosters. Ironically, the diversion of social development funds to national/international tribute and military operations produces further deprivation and marginalization, thus creating a feral cycle.

Chapter II Related Literature

The aim of this realize is to wear out cognitive operation pass judgment re of imports to f on the whole upon quality education and training and maintain high pedantic standards in exclusively(a) education programs offered in the college. This teachers military rank In varietyation dodge for surgical incision Heads of Manuel S. never University Foundation Candelabra Incorpo scored is an automate ashes constructed to wont as a joyride for the department Heads of shenanigan to supervise or observe the instructors nether their department.This placement atomic number 50 stand social unit military rating as a blade based schema that tin fuel lower the costs, sum up timeliness of feedback and let the record property and digest easier. The teachers paygrade frame was upriseed based on microwave radar Methodology. The simulation of the scheme is based on Apache wind vane Server, adobe Dreamier and Myself-importance Database. heavyset The main goal of the questioners is to soften instructchild military rank for their teachers for the melioration of article of faith and thence to a fault of education results and to provide the educatees freedom of expressing their opinions and ideas rough their concerns to their teachers.And Isis likewise develop to stimulate teachers to elevate their deliver improvement by means of excogitate closely their strengths and weaknesses. The holdrs consists in three categories the Department Head, Faculty and the bookman. This book modify to all users to going. The Department Head give express all the shove and learners under his department and he entrust in like manner assign all the school-age childs and the capability member that they entrust evaluate. The Faculty female genital organ shot the results of his rating and as well as the bookman comments.The scholarly persons impart evaluate their teachers and give some comments regarding to the instruction executi on of his teachers. They can also view the profile of all the teachers. The research methodological analysis that the researchers use is the radar, or Rapid Application cultivation where it is fetch up methodological analysis c overing agreements knowledge from business requirements to ongoing growing. The researcher also apply the integrate Modeling dustup (JIMS) based free open cum softw ar instrumental roles in increase the application. PH programming language, Macromedia Dreamier, Apache and Myself argon also use in growing the proposed system.The proposed system had been evaluated by the end-users to measure the functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and portability of the proposed system. refinement The results of the research and development used in the creation of this application stupefy successfully met the goals of this project essay. The system s a manifestation of a softw be system program developed using PH programming la nguage for creating web summons and the Macromedia Dreamier. though it seems that social networking seems to very easy and simple web application, this project study had met the specific goals of the research. . The proposed system which has been developed of the researchers will serve as an automated military rank for the teachers to ensure them to perform at their best to produce student learning. And it supports the aspiration of the student to comment out the worst and even so right(a) things that they observe with their professors regarding their pedagogics behavior and ability. . This study make substantially use of the TOAD Methodology, the Unified Modeling Language in the design of the system. PH and Macromedia Dreamier as the development tools, and My SQL as the entropybase in creating the application. . Users and the respondent retard that the proposed paygrade system is a way to improve the process of the student evaluation for instructors. The evaluation of the respondents on the questionnaires provided for the proposed system had made a undischarged involve to the end-users and it revealed that the system will be useful and the evaluation has a good and fair result. Recommendations Upon convention the results and examinations of the rise upings of the proposed system, the following be the researchers recommendations on future day studies that will be takeed by future researchers 1.It is recommended to upraise the design of the proposed system. 2. In aver for the system to be much legal, future researchers may enhance the functionality of the system in terms of adding some features like evaluation of grades so that the system complies all the needs of the students. 3. Also, it is suggested for the future researchers to undergo further study intimately the new rends in the field of dynamic web developing. compendium subsequently reviewing this study, the researchers tolerate read that this study has the same characterist ics that the proposed system will aim.The solely difference that the previous study and the proposed study will harbor is that the latter(prenominal) will decl are a supporting supple application. The studs recommendations will be taken to account in developing the proposed system. A web-Based Student valuation for Teachers of Manuel S. Never University Foundation Candelabra Incorporated This study was about a Web-Based Student Candelabra Incorporated. It has the purpose Of transforming the manual into a to a greater extent domineering and computerized process.Abstract The project aims to improve the existing student evaluation for teachers to a more practical manner in order to develop the might of the ins tittyution when it comes to evaluation management. This system entitled A Web-Based Student paygrade for Teachers of Manuel S. Never University Foundation Candelabra Incorporated is constructed for use as a tool to benefit the students, teachers and administrators of the grounding. The Web-Based Student evaluation for Teachers was developed based on RADAR methodology. The framework of the system is based on Apache Web Server, Adobe Dreamier and Myself Database.Summary In general, the main goal of the proposed system is to alter the students manual evaluation into a more systematical and effective manner that is held at bottom the university. Furthermore, the system is associated with the goals of developing the bear on of management of the evaluation and providing every concerned individual and effective tool for the accomplishment of their goals rest Ting for a better output. In this system, in that respect are sort of users, namely the facilitator, the students and the faculty. The facilitator has the control of the entire evaluation.He will register accounts for the faculty and students for them to access. He will also take over the appellative of the faculty with its single subject to the random selected students for the evaluation. A s the student accesses his account, he automatically sees the assigned faculty with its respective subject that he will evaluate. He will retort with the interactive form of the evaluation and just submit it. The faculty can browse the results from the evaluation for the notice of their teach execution of instrument and influence to the students.Conclusion The study and the construction of the proposed system that is put to death by the prop onenessnts for the development of the existing system have efficiently met its respective goals and objectives. It is successfully constructed by the use of the tools and techniques Of the modern technology such as the programming language of PH that is used for creating web application and the combine Development Environment (DID) of Macromedia Dreamier. The following statements are the considered objectives and goals that have been done fruitfully 1 .The proposed system that has been built by the represents has provided the facilitato r an instrument that will get up the convenience of the management of the evaluation. It also provided the students a tool to conduct the evaluation in effect. Lastly, the faculties have been given the privilege to monitor their performances impact without either hassle. 2. The physical object point Analysis and Design (TOAD) methodology and the Unified Modeling Language (ML) have been used effectively for the software development. 3.The evaluation of the users and the respondents on the questionnaires portrays the metier and utility of the systems functionalities. The respondents provided a good and a fair evaluation on the proposed system. Recommendations Upon gathering the outcome from the researches and death penalty of the proposed system, the following listed recommendations are cited for the studies that will be conducted by future researchers 1 . It is recommended to develop and seek for more reserve page design of the proposed system. 2.It is also advisable to incl ude feature such as an automatic random choice of the students to promote the unbiased selection of the facilitator. 3. If possible, for gaining the competency of the system, it is recommended to lid and connect the system with the enrolment system of the University for an alter adaptation of the students and schedule management in the evaluation system. 4. Also, it is highly recommended to conduct further researches to gain more detailed information about the evaluation procedures to develop ideas that will contribute to its full speciality. epitome have a supporting mobile application. The stuffs recommendations will be taken to account in developing the proposed system. A Web-based governing body for Teaching Evaluation This research is an attempt to develop and hold a Web-based system to elect didactics evaluation information for ingeminate and formative purposes. The research entitled death penalty of a system for on-line(a) evaluation of teaching is a sub-project un der the UGH-funded project SEEP implementation.Abstract This musical composition talks about a joint university (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, university of Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong engineering school University) struggle to develop and implement a Web-based system to collect students evaluation of teaching on a large scale in local anaesthetic high Education Institutes. It is a subproject of the University Grant Committee funded project Evaluation of Student Experience Project implementation. Title of the project is Implementation of a system for on-line evaluation of teaching. A trial predominate of the system was conducted in March in one of the University.Rest Its of the trial indicated that the absolute majority of the students pet the Web-based system to the traditional paper-based system for student evaluation of teaching. The response rate was also much higher than anticipated. The paper discussed key issues concerning the use of the Web for c ollecting teaching evaluation entropy and directions of future work. Synopsis A Teacher Evaluation System That Works Educators are among the nigh numerous of usual servants, and K-12 education is one Of the or so vital Of all unexclusive investments.Research returns that individual teachers are the nearly important school-related factor in student exercise gains, that effectiveness varies greatly between teachers, and that differences in effectiveness are not well predicted by traditional qualifications. Yet teacher performance in the schoolroom is seldom evaluated in any soused way. Commonly, a teacher is observed at most once a family by a principal who rates the teacher in the highest socio-economic class unless some egregious fault is noticed.In efforts to improve educational outcomes for students and ontogenesis right for teachers, the public and policymakers are calling for a better arise to teacher evaluation, including more systematic observation of schoolroo ms, use of multiple measures of teacher effectiveness, and more attention to using evidence of teacher effectiveness in up(p) student outcomes. Abstract Status quo approaches to teacher evaluation have of late come under increasing criticism.They typically assign most teachers the highest in stock(predicate) score, provide minimal feedback for improvement, and have little connection tit student achievement growth and the quality of instruction that leads to higher student growth. A more comprehensive approach has been demonstrated for ten years by work s egestpage The System for Teacher and Student Advancement. This system includes some(prenominal) classroom observations and student achievement growth measures, provides feedback to teachers for improvement, is aligned to professional development and mentoring support, and provides rhythmic pattern for performance-based compensation.This paper describes the TAP system, and examines data from a large examine of teachers o asse ss the distribution of TAP evaluations and their alignment to student achievement growth. We find that TAP evaluations provide differentiated feedback, that classroom observational piles are positively and significantly correlated with student achievement growth, that TAP teachers increase in observed skill levels over time, and that TAP schools show derivative retention of effective teachers based on these evaluation scores.Related System/ computer software Products Online Course Evaluation System Since 2006, the College Curriculum Council has worked to develop a conciliative ours evaluation system that will help departments evaluate their chassiss and teaching more effectively. Following the Sacs recommendation, the College piloted an online course evaluation form in rise 2008. all(prenominal) semester since then, some version of the online course evaluation form has been made addressable to departments. all(prenominal) semesters form was rewrite according to extensive fe edback from faculty, students, and departments.In square up 2010, the online course evaluation system was used by 22 departments. Emcees Teacher Evaluation System Emcees Teacher Evaluation System standardizes the evaluation process, revised opportunities for learn and knowledge building, and helps talented teachers and education leaders realize their potential. By parcel to identify areas of needed professional development and by improving the discourse between teachers and evaluators, the evaluation process becomes a positive force for change.McRae has also created a corresponding software application in response to regulate requests for a valid and reliable online version of the process. Professional development for IT, profound office lag, and school administrators is required to use the online tool. With this evaluation software, you can admission charge evaluation forms from desktop, laptop, or notebook devices Aggregate data and produce reports by grade, subject, bui lding, or territorial dominion Export data for use in most databases (e. G. Excel, Access) Provide timely and effective feedback Track teacher performance lengthways See both principal and peer observations in one summary report Teacher justice Teacher Evaluations For emailprotected & Any Web browser Reedier Softwares Teacher Evaluator is a stand-alone, web-based application that can be accessed through a dedicated emailprotected app and any web browser. No subject field what baby you use or if you are a private school, public school, district or diocese, Teacher Evaluator has the tools you need to schedule and complete evaluations quickly, effectively and unobtrusively.Comply with state mandated requirements. Raise professional standards and expectations. Identify strengths and needs. Streamline classroom walkouts and data entry. Allow teachers to reflect, comment and self-evaluate. Set goals and track progress on growth and improvement plans. View and group evaluations by dep artment, grade level, school and more. Features & Benefits Evaluating staff can be a challenging task for any school. Each school has a unique approach with different requirements. Teacher Evaluators features make evaluations fast and accurate.Built-Len Form Builder with Pre-Loaded State Rubrics Create your own evaluation forms or copy and edit a pre-existing form with the underlying form builder. Have multiple forms for different departments, grade levels and schools. Teacher Evaluator includes pre-loaded state mandated rubrics. Custom Rating Scales, Goals and Improvement Plans Enter use of goods and services rating scales or use state-mandated rating scales to easily spot your top do and under performing teachers while identifying strengths and needs. Set goals and create improvement plans. quote goals while reviewing evaluations.Real-Time Dashboards & Reports Data is always at your fingertips with dashboards and reports that track and analyse how your teachers are performing individually, by department and by school within a district or diocese. Use the Excel/ wizard to trade data for state reporting and qualification for Race to the Top funds. Evaluation Scheduler To avail Manage Your Day Schedule evaluations and receive reminders on approaching evaluations. rate your scheduled evaluations to your Google Calendar W, Outlook or emailprotected Improve parley mingled with Evaluator & Teacher Observe a teacher doing something illustrious? quickly take a photo, video or create a memoranda on the spot and have it sent to them via e-mail. Once evaluations are completed, teachers are automatically notified via e-mail and are provided with a direct connecter to view their evaluation. Teachers can comment on evaluations based on observation sooner or after completion and electronically sign evaluations. Furthermore, self evaluations can be conducted by teachers to encourage professional development. Tiered authorization levels allow proper access for teachers, department heads and administrators.Chapter II Related literary productionsThe aim of this project is to develop performance evaluation System to achieve quality education and training and maintain high academic standards in all education programs offered in the college. This Teachers Evaluation Information System for Department Heads of Manuel S. Never University Foundation Candelabra Incorporated is an automated system designed to use as a tool for the department Heads of MISCHIEF to monitor or observe the teachers under their department.This system can conduct unit evaluation as a web based system that can lower the costs, increase timeliness of feedback and make the record keeping and analysis easier. The Teachers Evaluation system was developed based on RADAR Methodology. The framework of the system is based on Apache Web Server, Adobe Dreamier and Myself Database. Summary The main goal of the researchers is to develop student evaluation for their teachers for the im provement of teaching and consequently also of education results and to provide the students freedom of expressing their opinions and ideas about their concerns to their teachers.And Isis also develop to stimulate teachers to further their own improvement through learning about their strengths and weaknesses. The users consists in three categories the Department Head, Faculty and the Student. This will enable to all users to going. The Department Head will register all the faculty and students under his department and he will also assign all the students and the faculty member that they will evaluate. The Faculty can view the results of his evaluation and also the student comments.The Students will evaluate their teachers and give some comments regarding to the performance of his teachers. They can also view the profile of all the teachers. The research methodology that the researchers used is the RADAR, or Rapid Application Development where it is complete methodology back systems development from business requirements to ongoing development. The researcher also used the Unified Modeling Language (JIMS) based free open source software tools in developing the application. PH programming language, Macromedia Dreamier, Apache and Myself are also used in developing the proposed system.The proposed system had been evaluated by the end-users to measure the functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and portability of the proposed system. Conclusion The results of the research and development used in the creation of this application have successfully met the goals of this project study. The system s a manifestation of a software developed using PH programming language for creating web pages and the Macromedia Dreamier. Though it seems that social networking seems to very easy and simple web application, this project study had met the specific goals of the research. . The proposed system which has been developed of the researchers will serve as an automated evaluation for the teachers to ensure them to perform at their best to enhance student learning. And it supports the aspiration of the student to comment out the worst and even good things that they observe with their professors regarding their teaching behavior and ability. . This study made effective use of the TOAD Methodology, the Unified Modeling Language in the design of the system. PH and Macromedia Dreamier as the development tools, and My SQL as the database in creating the application. . Users and the respondent agree that the proposed evaluation system is a way to improve the process of the student evaluation for Teachers. The evaluation of the respondents on the questionnaires provided for the proposed system had made a great impact to the end-users and it revealed that the system will be useful and the evaluation has a good and fair result. Recommendations Upon gathering the results and examinations of the findings of the proposed system, the following a re the researchers recommendations on future studies that will be conducted by future researchers 1.It is recommended to enhance the design of the proposed system. 2. In order for the system to be more effective, future researchers may enhance the functionality of the system in terms of adding some features like evaluation of grades so that the system complies all the needs of the students. 3. Also, it is suggested for the future researchers to undergo further study about the new rends in the field of dynamic web developing. Synopsis After reviewing this study, the researchers have read that this study has the same characteristics that the proposed system will have.The only difference that the previous study and the proposed study will have is that the latter will have a supporting mobile application. The studs recommendations will be taken to account in developing the proposed system. A Web-Based Student Evaluation for Teachers of Manuel S. Never University Foundation Candelabra In corporated This study was about a Web-Based Student Candelabra Incorporated. It has the purpose Of transforming the manual into a more systematic and computerized process.Abstract The project aims to improve the existing student evaluation for teachers to a more practical manner in order to develop the competence of the institution when it comes to evaluation management. This system entitled A Web-Based Student Evaluation for Teachers of Manuel S. Never University Foundation Candelabra Incorporated is constructed for use as a tool to benefit the students, teachers and administrators of the institution. The Web-Based Student Evaluation for Teachers was developed based on RADAR methodology. The framework of the system is based on Apache Web Server, Adobe Dreamier and Myself Database.Summary In general, the main goal of the proposed system is to alter the students manual evaluation into a more systematical and effective manner that is held within the university. Furthermore, the system is associated with the goals of developing the inconvenience of management of the evaluation and providing every concerned individual and effective tool for the accomplishment of their goals rest Ting for a better output. In this system, there are sort of users, namely the facilitator, the students and the faculty. The facilitator has the control of the entire evaluation.He will register accounts for the faculty and students for them to access. He will also take over the assignment of the faculty with its respective subject to the random selected students for the evaluation. As the student accesses his account, he automatically sees the assigned faculty with its respective subject that he will evaluate. He will response with the interactive form of the evaluation and just submit it. The faculty can browse the results from the evaluation for the observation of their teaching performance and influence to the students.Conclusion The study and the construction of the proposed system th at is executed by the proponents for the development of the existing system have efficiently met its respective goals and objectives. It is successfully constructed by the use of the tools and techniques Of the modern technology such as the programming language of PH that is used for creating web application and the Integrated Development Environment (DID) of Macromedia Dreamier. The following statements are the considered objectives and goals that have been done productively 1 .The proposed system that has been built by the represents has provided the facilitator an instrument that will promote the convenience of the management of the evaluation. It also provided the students a tool to conduct the evaluation effectively. Lastly, the faculties have been given the privilege to monitor their performances impact without any hassle. 2. The Object Oriented Analysis and Design (TOAD) methodology and the Unified Modeling Language (ML) have been used effectively for the software development . 3.The evaluation of the users and the respondents on the questionnaires portrays the effectiveness and usefulness of the systems functionalities. The respondents provided a good and a fair evaluation on the proposed system. Recommendations Upon gathering the outcome from the researches and implementation of the proposed system, the following listed recommendations are cited for the studies that will be conducted by future researchers 1 . It is recommended to develop and seek for more appropriate page design of the proposed system. 2.It is also advisable to include feature such as an automatic random selection of the students to promote the unbiased selection of the facilitator. 3. If possible, for gaining the competency of the system, it is recommended to lid and connect the system with the enrolment system of the University for an Automated Registration of the students and schedule management in the evaluation system. 4. Also, it is highly recommended to conduct further researche s to gain more detailed information about the evaluation procedures to develop ideas that will contribute to its full effectiveness.Synopsis have a supporting mobile application. The stuffs recommendations will be taken to account in developing the proposed system. A Web-based System for Teaching Evaluation This research is an attempt to develop and implement a Web-based system to elect teaching evaluation data for summarize and formative purposes. The research entitled Implementation of a system for on-line evaluation of teaching is a sub-project under the UGH-funded project SEEP implementation.Abstract This paper talks about a joint university (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, university of Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University) effort to develop and implement a Web-based system to collect students evaluation of teaching on a large scale in local Higher Education Institutes. It is a subproject of the University Grant Committee funded project Evaluation of Student Experience Project implementation. Title of the project is Implementation of a system for on-line evaluation of teaching. A trial run of the system was conducted in March in one of the University.Rest Its of the trial indicated that the majority of the students preferred the Web-based system to the traditional paper-based system for student evaluation of teaching. The response rate was also much higher than anticipated. The paper discussed key issues concerning the use of the Web for collecting teaching evaluation data and directions of future work. Synopsis A Teacher Evaluation System That Works Educators are among the most numerous of public servants, and K-12 education is one Of the most vital Of all public investments.Research shows that individual teachers are the most important school-related factor in student achievement gains, that effectiveness varies greatly between teachers, and that differences in effectiveness are not well predicted by traditional qualifica tions. Yet teacher performance in the classroom is seldom evaluated in any rigorous way. Commonly, a teacher is observed at most once a year by a principal who rates the teacher in the highest category unless some egregious fault is noticed.In efforts to improve educational outcomes for students and increase accountability for teachers, the public and policymakers are calling for a better approach to teacher evaluation, including more systematic observation of classrooms, use of multiple measures of teacher effectiveness, and more attention to using evidence of teacher effectiveness in improving student outcomes. Abstract Status quo approaches to teacher evaluation have recently come under increasing criticism.They typically assign most teachers the highest available score, provide minimal feedback for improvement, and have little connection tit student achievement growth and the quality of instruction that leads to higher student growth. A more comprehensive approach has been demon strated for ten years by TAP The System for Teacher and Student Advancement. This system includes both classroom observations and student achievement growth measures, provides feedback to teachers for improvement, is aligned to professional development and mentoring support, and provides metrics for performance-based compensation.This paper describes the TAP system, and examines data from a large sample of teachers o assess the distribution of TAP evaluations and their alignment to student achievement growth. We find that TAP evaluations provide differentiated feedback, that classroom observational scores are positively and significantly correlated with student achievement growth, that TAP teachers increase in observed skill levels over time, and that TAP schools show differential retention of effective teachers based on these evaluation scores.Related System/Software Products Online Course Evaluation System Since 2006, the College Curriculum Council has worked to develop a flexible ours evaluation system that will help departments evaluate their courses and teaching more effectively. Following the Sacs recommendation, the College piloted an online course evaluation form in spring 2008. Every semester since then, some version of the online course evaluation form has been made available to departments. Each semesters form was revised according to extensive feedback from faculty, students, and departments.In fall 2010, the online course evaluation system was used by 22 departments. Emcees Teacher Evaluation System Emcees Teacher Evaluation System standardizes the evaluation process, revised opportunities for coaching and knowledge building, and helps talented teachers and education leaders realize their potential. By helping to identify areas of needed professional development and by improving the communication between teachers and evaluators, the evaluation process becomes a positive force for change.McRae has also created a corresponding software application i n response to district requests for a valid and reliable online version of the process. Professional development for IT, central office staff, and school administrators is required to use the online tool. With this evaluation software, you can Access evaluation forms from desktop, laptop, or notebook devices Aggregate data and customize reports by grade, subject, building, or district Export data for use in most databases (e. G. Excel, Access) Provide timely and effective feedback Track teacher performance longitudinally See both principal and peer observations in one summary report Teacher Evaluator Teacher Evaluations For emailprotected & Any Web Browser Reedier Softwares Teacher Evaluator is a stand-alone, web-based application that can be accessed through a dedicated emailprotected app and any web browser. No matter what SIS you use or if you are a private school, public school, district or diocese, Teacher Evaluator has the tools you need to schedule and complete evaluations qu ickly, effectively and unobtrusively.Comply with state mandated requirements. Raise professional standards and expectations. Identify strengths and needs. Streamline classroom walkouts and data entry. Allow teachers to reflect, comment and self-evaluate. Set goals and track progress on growth and improvement plans. View and group evaluations by department, grade level, school and more. Features & Benefits Evaluating staff can be a challenging task for any school. Each school has a unique approach with different requirements. Teacher Evaluators features make evaluations fast and accurate.Built-Len Form Builder with Pre-Loaded State Rubrics Create your own evaluation forms or copy and edit a pre-existing form with the built-in form builder. Have multiple forms for different departments, grade levels and schools. Teacher Evaluator includes pre-loaded state mandated rubrics. Custom Rating Scales, Goals and Improvement Plans Enter custom rating scales or use state-mandated rating scales to easily spot your top performing and under performing teachers while identifying strengths and needs. Set goals and create improvement plans. Reference goals while reviewing evaluations.Real-Time Dashboards & Reports Data is always at your fingertips with dashboards and reports that track and compare how your teachers are performing individually, by department and by school within a district or diocese. Use the Excel/ wizard to export data for state reporting and qualification for Race to the Top funds. Evaluation Scheduler To Help Manage Your Day Schedule evaluations and receive reminders on upcoming evaluations. Send your scheduled evaluations to your Google Calendar W, Outlook or emailprotected Improve Communication Between Evaluator & Teacher Observe a teacher doing something noteworthy?Quickly take a photo, video or create a memo on the spot and have it sent to them via e-mail. Once evaluations are completed, teachers are automatically notified via e-mail and are provided wit h a direct link to view their evaluation. Teachers can comment on evaluations based on reflection before or after completion and electronically sign evaluations. Furthermore, self evaluations can be conducted by teachers to encourage professional development. Tiered permission levels allow proper access for teachers, department heads and administrators.